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| The farmers' right need protect. |
Justice Thomas, who wrote the opinion, left the attorney general’s office in 1977 and became a corporate lawyer in the pesticide and agriculture division of the Monsanto Company. When J.E.M. was being decided, Monsanto held over a thousand plant patents that stood to be overturned.In the wake of those decisions, a handful of corporations spent more than thirty-four billion dollars in mergers and acquisitions.
As a result of extending utility patents to sexually produced plants, the farmer and research exemptions of the PVPA—the right to save seeds and the right to use any protected variety to develop new varieties—were eliminated. Furthermore, farmers would now be subject to liability for patent infringement, not only if they saved patented seed, but also if they saved seed contaminated by patented pollen from neighboring fields.
Internationally, during the negotiations over the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) Treaty of 1992, the notion of a farmer’s right, as the right to save seeds and use protected varieties to develop new varieties, gave way to a new definition of “farmers’ rights.”
search: http://www.law.uoregon.edu/org/jell/docs/192/Haapala.pdf from JOHNE.HAAPALA,JR.
The image search: http://www.farmersrights.org/about/fr_history_part0.html
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